ABSTRACT
We identify major genetic engineering tools and methods developed to date, most targeting the spike protein and virus interaction with host cells. The rapid development of the vaccine and of antigenic and serological tests is the main achievement of one of the darkest pages of human history in the 21st century. This success relies on our capacity to sequence and manipulate genomes. It is also the result of major developments in the understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. These viruses were responsible for major outbreaks which foreshadow the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. The major role of the SARS-CoV2 spike protein in the host interaction was rapidly confirmed. Subcloning and expression in various vectors enable the development of highly protective antidisease vaccines. A wide range of assays involving recombinant cell lines and vectors allows researchers to search for the next therapies. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: More than 2 years since COVID-19's first cases were reported in 2019. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is a key to controlling the pandemic. Sample for COVID-19 testing is collected by naso-oro-pharyngeal swab. This procedure is often uncomfortable and requires a trained examiner. Exhaled breath contains thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOC) which are likely to change during infection. Aims and objectives: This study aims to analyze the difference of VOC in the exhaled breath between COVID-19 and healthy subjects. Method(s): A cross-sectional study was carried out recruiting 90 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 42 healthy subjects. A sample of exhaled breath was collected by using a 500 ml airbag in both groups. Contained VOC was analyzed using an arrayed sensor breath analyzer to quantify the concentration of CO2, C7H8, C6H14, CH2O, NH4, TVOC, NO2, PM1.0, CO, NH3and Acetone. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann whitney test. Result(s): The median of CO2, C6H14, NH4, TVOC, NO2, and Acetone are significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects (respectively 1175.1 vs 607.3, 0.47 vs 0.0, 1.05 vs 0.0, 146.6 vs 0.05, 1.55 vs 0.04, and 0.23 vs 0.0) while C7H8, CH2O, PM1.0, CO, and NH3are significantly lower (respectively 0.0 vs 0.92, 0.01 vs 0.55, 0.0 vs 4.13, 0.0 vs 0.24, and 0.67 vs 1.99;all with p-value of <0.05.). Furthermore, we found NH4, Acetone, NH3, and CO are positively correlate with severity of COVID-19. Conclusion(s): COVID-19 patients emit distinctive VOC profiles in comparison with healthy subjects.
ABSTRACT
Since paper money is one of the Covid-19 transmission media, a touchless alternative is needed. Electronic money (e-money) is the best alternative. This study analyzes the growth, barriers, and challenges of e-money as a new means of payment in Indonesia by raising an empirical study on the millennial generation. Data was collected through interviews with the managers of e-money issuer companies and 18 millennial e-money customers. Using qualitative methods, this research concludes that the strategy for developing e-money is to create innovations that can make it safer for users to meet their daily needs in the post-covid era. Increased promos and cashback at merchants who have collaborated with products issued is also the most favourite development strategy for customers. E-money customers face obstacles faced by e-money customers include safety issues, limited merchants, unstable provider networks, and socio-cultural factors (the habit of using conventional cash payment methods). The challenge that e-money issuers face is competitors of similar products. Millennial Indonesia is an emerging market for e-money, and this study is the first qualitative study to bring together the topics of e-money, millennials, and green finance. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, students in Indonesia have been faced with challenges to their daily eating habits and lifestyle patterns. Many of them have had to adapt to new health protocols during the pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on eating habits and lifestyle changes among college students. Methods: Data was collected from 952 students using a self-administered online questionnaire using Qualtrics. Bivariate analysis was used to determine eating habits and lifestyle changes based on socio-demography and nutritional status. Results: : Female students had significantly lower physical activity status than male students. The students mostly ordered food by an online-delivery food system. Male students had significantly increased their smoking frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic, in comparison to before the pandemic. Female students consumed a higher quantity of immune booster foods such as multivitamin, fruits, honey, and herbal drinks compared to male students. Students had a high adherence to follow a balanced diet (64.50%). Conclusion: In this study, we have provided for the first-time data on eating habits and lifestyles changes and the adherence of balanced nutrition in Indonesian students during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 UPM Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
This article aims at the ability of teachers who are digital immigrants to use digital technology during their learning at home during the Covid19 pandemic. This research was quantitative research in the form of descriptive statistics using survey methods in data collection. The survey was given to 139 high school teachers who live in Java. The validity of the research instrument was tested by using the product-moment correlation test. While the reliability of the research instrument was tested utilizing the Cronbach Alpha reliability test, the result of this study is that high school teachers have a high level of use of digital technology. Besides, it was also found that age affects the ability to use technology. The higher the teacher's age, the lower their ability to use digital technology. Meanwhile, the lower the age, the higher the individual can use digital technology. When teachers have a high level of use of digital technology, it is hoped that learning activities at home can run optimally. Apart from the level of the teacher's technology skills, of course, other aspects make learning activities at home optimal. These other aspects also need to be develop. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 is a global disease that has already infected people in the various parts of the world with increasing cases each day. So far, there has been around 20 million cases of Covid-19 that have occurred around the world. Furthermore, a lot of research has been conducted to overcome and cure this disease. One of the studies was uses protein-protein interactions (PPI) in Sars-Cov-2 and other coronavirus to analyze the interactions on the virus which can be used to find out more about how this virus interacts with each other. In this study, we used Markov Clustering (MCL) to analyze this virus. There are many variations of Markov Clustering that have been used in various studies, one of the variations that used in this study is Soft Regularized Markov Clustering (SR-MCL). This model is used to ensure that modules on protein interactions do not overlap and can be used for better analysis. The result shows that SR-MCL can be used to determine the cluster from PPI of Sars-Cov-2 and the other related coronavirus. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.